Protamine sulfate is a specific reversal agent used to reverse the effect of heparin. Vinay Byrappa, in Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice of Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care, 2022 Protamine sulfate ![]() In patients whose skin test is positive to protamine or who have a history of reaction to protamine, intravenous hexadimethrine can be used to reverse the effects of heparin. Therapy is supportive, including reintubation if the patient has been extubated, assisted ventilation with high inspired oxygen concentrations, administration of high-dose corticosteroids, and treatment of hypotension with an α-adrenergic agonist. Skin testing can confirm the sensitization. In at least half of the patients there is a history of previous use of protamine, either in a similar situation or as protamine zinc insulin. 155 It is frequently associated with an anaphylactic reaction and bronchospasm, an increase in pulmonary artery pressure with normal wedge pressure, and hypotension. However, there have been a number of cases of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema within minutes to 1 or 2 hours after the administration of the drug. Systemic hypotension is not uncommon following administration of this drug. Protamine sulfate is used to reverse the anticoagulant effects of heparin following cardiovascular surgical procedures. Limper MD, in Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine (Sixth Edition), 2016 Protamine While the cell viability decreased dramatically from 80% to 20% in the presence of DOX–PICs. The PICs efficiently associated DNA with above 80% viability of HEK293T cells and HeLa cells against PICs showing the much lower cytotoxicity of PICs when compared with that of 25 kDa polyethyleneimine (PEI). Then, DOX–PASP solution was then added into PS/DNA solution to form PICs (lower than 210 nm Cheng et al., 2009). ![]() Dox was covalently conjugated to PASP via CDI coupling reaction whereas PS forms ionic complex with DNA. ![]() (2009), polyionic complexes (PICs) were prepared based on the ionic interaction between the polycation PS and the polyanion poly( l-aspartic acid) (PASP) for combined delivery of the anticancer drug, Dox, and plasmid DNA delivery. Protamine sulfate (PS), mainly composed of poly( l-arginine), is biodegradable and has been widely used for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Kamel, in Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, 2015 3.8 Protamine
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